Terminology

Table of contents

Introduction
LCC Fusion Project Terms
LCC Fusion Connect Terms
LCC Fusion Connect Hardware
NMRA LCC Network Terms
Model Railroad Automation Terms
Hardware and Software Terms
Electrical Components
Troubleshooting and Support Terms
Appendix and References

Introduction

Brief overview of the importance of understanding specific terms and acronyms used in the LCC Fusion Project.
Statement on how this glossary aids in better understanding the documentation and the project as a whole.

LCC Fusion Project Terms

CAN Network

Controller Area Network (CAN)

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a robust communication protocol used for real-time data exchange between microcontrollers and devices. Originally developed for automotive systems, it is now widely used in various industries for its reliability, efficiency, and error-checking capabilities. CAN allows multiple devices to communicate on the same network without a host computer. A CAN Network can be wired or wireless. Wired CAN uses 2-wires to form the network, while wireless CAN can be achieved using WiFi or Bluetooth.

LCC Fusion Project

The LCC Fusion Project is a comprehensive system designed for automating and controlling model railroads using the Layout Command Control (LCC) protocol. It integrates various hardware components like the LCC Node and I/O cards with software tools to enhance the realism and operational efficiency of model railroad layouts.

LCC Fusion Cards

Each card is design to a standard form of width, height, holes for mounting, positioning key, and 12 card edge pads (see pic on right). This design enables the cards to be installed in card edge connectors mount on the Node Bus Hub, ensuring power and communication connects with the Node Card (also installed in the same Node Bus Hub). A positioning key at the bottom of the card insures the card is inserted into the Node Bus Hub with the correct orientation.

PCB Layer	1	2	3	4	5	6
Top	3V3	5V	12 V	GND	SDA0	SCL0
Bottom	SCL1	SDA1	CAN-H	CAN-L	DCC1	DCC2

LCC Fusion Breakout Boards

Breakout boards are PCBs designed to be placed close to I/O devices, typically under the layout. They provide fast and simple connections to Cards through the use of RJ45 sockets, allowing Network Cable to link to the corresponding Card. Most breakout boards are sized to fit into PCB housings, are DIN mountable, and feature holes for 3mm screws or standoffs.

Breakout Boards have specialized connectors and labeling for direct connections to specific I/O devices. For example, the Block Breakout Board is used with the BOD Card, facilitating direct connections to track blocks for block occupancy detection. This allows for streamlined wiring and reliable communication between the I/O devices and control systems.

Node Bus

The Node Bus is a key part of the LCC Fusion Project, designed to connect Node Cards and their I/O cards, ensuring they can communicate and receive power properly.

This bus system specifies the types of connections needed, their purposes, and where they should be placed on a PCB. Essentially, the Node Bus makes sure Node Cards and Input Cards can work together smoothly, providing both the power and the means for them to talk to each other.

There are twelve (12) specific connections outlined for the Node Bus:

Power Lines (GND, 3V3, 5V, 12 V) for different power needs.
CAN Bus Lines (CAN-L, CAN-H) for LCC communications.
I2C Lines for two sets of hardware buses (SDA0, SCL0, SDA1, SCL1) for data communication.

The setup of the Node Bus is guided by the LCC Fusion Framework’s design, including where the connection pads are located on the edges of the cards.

Node Cluster

A Node Cluster is a physical configuration that consists of at least a Node Card and optionally additional cards connected via a Node Bus Hub. A Node Cluster closely equates to an LCC Node as it will appear a configuration tool as an LCC Node. Note that one or more Node Cards can be configurated within a Node Cluster.

Virtual Node Cluster

A Virtual LCC Node Cluster is a configuration utilizing a virtual connection between its Node Card and other LCC Fusion Connect cards. A Virtual LCC Node Cluster is an alternative to creating multi-Node clusters by allowing a single LCC Node to wirelessly perform I/O communications with multiple I/O cards dispersed throughout a layout. This allows a scale-up of I/O without the complexity of managing multiple LCC Nodes.

The virtual cluster consists of at least a Node Card connecting wirelessly to an I/O Controller Card. The I/O Controller Card can provide local I/O and/or thru the use a Node Bus Hub can perform I/O to additional cards.

I/O boards can be relocated, minor rewiring and no configuration changes.

The Node Card utilizes ESP-NOW Wi-Fi technology to extend I/O wirelessly to I/O cards, reducing wiring, and providing flexibility in moving cards. ESP-NOW provides Wi-Fi without the use of an access point, ssid, or password.

Node Card Types

Within a Node Cluster, there are two types of Node Cards, a single Primary Node Card and one or more Secondary Node Cards, as follows:

Primary Node Card: This is the first Node Card you’ll connect to your system using a Node Bus Hub. It plays a pivotal role by being the initial point of contact to the CAN network and power supply. The Primary Node Card ensures that these critical resources are available to the other Node Cards in the network. This Node Card must be connected to both a power supply using a Power Module and connected to the CAN Network.
Secondary Node Cards: These Node Cards are connected to the same Node Bus Hub as the Primary Node Card, leveraging the CAN network and power distributed through the Primary Node Card. Secondary Node Cards are similar to a Primary Node Card, but do not have a Power Module or a CAN Network connection. Since they can be configured with the same firmware as the Primary Node Card, Secondary Node Cards are equally capable but designated as expansions to the primary setup.

LCC Fusion Connect Terms

Cards

A Card collaborates with the Node Card to execute input/output operations, enabling control over various devices. The Node Card issues commands via the Node Bus’s serial connections (I2C) directly to the integrated circuits (ICs) on the I/O cards. Here’s an overview of the types of I/O card communication supports available:

MCP23017 I/O Expander Cards (referred to as MCP Cards): These cards incorporate the MCP23017 IC to significantly increase the number of I/O pins at the Node Card’s disposal. With the MCP Card, the Node Card gains access to 16 additional pins for input and output purposes, making it a cornerstone in the LCC Fusion Project for enhancing the control over a broader array of devices.
PCA9685 PWM Controller Cards (also known as PWM Cards): These cards are built around the PCA9685 IC, which augments the Node Card with extra PWM pins. The Node Card leverages these PWM Cards to manage LEDs and motors, utilizing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals for precise control over LED intensity and motor velocity.
ESP32 Based Cards: Equipped with an ESP32, these cards are tasked with orchestrating the card’s operations through text-based commands. This includes advanced components like the Node Cluster I/O Controller Card, Sound Card, and DCC Card. Thanks to the ESP32’s advanced capabilities, these cards are able to undertake more complex tasks than those possible with MCP or PWM Cards, providing a versatile foundation for sophisticated control schemes.
NFC Card Reader Card: These cards are build around the MRFC533 IC used for NFC (RFID) processing.

Each type of card plays a distinct role in the ecosystem, offering specialized functions that, when combined, create a versatile and powerful network for controlling a wide range of devices within the LCC Fusion Project.

Breakout Boards

A Breakout Board is an essential component that works with a Card to provide connections to various devices. Most cards in the system connect to a Breakout Board using a network cable. The breakout board is specially designed to fit the required connections for the input/output (I/O) devices.

For example, the PWM Card is connected via a network cable to the Signal Masts Breakout Board, which is equipped with JST XH connectors for easy connection to signal masts. This design simplifies wiring and enhances flexibility when integrating different devices into the system.

HW Communications Bus

The hardware pathway for communication between the LCC Fusion Project Node Card and all other LCC Fusion Project cards. The LCC Node processor supports two serial buses for I2C communications. Configuration requires alignment of a card’s switch settings with the CDI communications settings using a configuration tool.

The Node Bus Hub automatically adjusts I2C line conditioning to ensure robust communication across all connected devices. This feature dynamically engages pullup resistors only when the signal integrity of the I2C lines (SDA and SCL) drops below an acceptable threshold, ensuring clean data signals over longer distances or when multiple devices are connected.

HW Communications Address

A specific hardware communications (I2C) address assigned to LCC Cards for identification and communication within an LCC Node Cluster.

LCC Fusion Connect Hardware

Audio Card

The Audio Card is a key part of the LCC Fusion system, designed to play audio based on events that happen on your model railroad layout. It works together with the Node Card to receive special messages, known as text messages, which are configured by the user. These messages are processed by the Audio Card, which converts them into sound.

Here’s how it works: when something happens on the layout, like a train reaching a certain point or a button being pressed, a signal is sent to the Node Card. The Node Card then sends the pre-configured message to the Audio Card. This message is turned into sound and played through speakers connected to the system. This is especially useful for giving audio alerts or playing announcements based on real-time events.

The Audio Card is capable of handling different sounds, whether it’s a voice message or sound effects, making it a versatile tool for automation on your model railroad. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Battery Card

The Battery Card is a key power management component in the LCC Fusion system, designed to provide backup power for the Node Cluster, ensuring uninterrupted operation during power outages or fluctuations. It connects directly to either the Node Card or the Quad-Node Card via a dedicated plug to supply stable power. The Battery Card charges its Li-Po batteries (e.g., 500mAh or 1000mAh) through either the Node Bus Hub or an external power source via a USB-C port. This dual charging capability provides flexibility in maintaining power across the system. In the event of a power loss, the Battery Card automatically switches the Node Cluster’s power supply to battery power, keeping the Node Cluster operational. With its focus on ensuring reliable power for connected nodes, the Battery Card is an essential component for maintaining system stability and performance. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Block Breakout Board

The Block Breakout Board is a key interface in the LCC Fusion system, designed to simplify connections between the track blocks and both the BOD Card (Block Occupancy Detection) and BLVD Card (Block Low Voltage Detection). It provides a streamlined wiring solution for monitoring multiple track blocks by connecting to the track rails and relaying data to the appropriate card. The BOD Card uses the breakout board to detect the presence of trains in each block, while the BLVD Card monitors voltage levels to detect low voltage conditions. Both cards process the data and send LCC event signals to the Node Card. The Block Breakout Board enhances system efficiency by organizing connections and reducing wiring complexity, ensuring reliable detection and monitoring across the layout. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

BOD Card (Block Occupancy Detection)

The BOD Card (Block Occupancy Detection) is designed to monitor track occupancy in specific track blocks of a model railroad layout. It detects the presence of trains, both locomotives and rolling stock, by sensing current drawn from the rails. It connects to the Node Card via the Node Bus Hub and the Block Breakout Board via network cable. The BOD Card communicates this information to the Node Card via GPIO pins, which then generates LCC events to signal occupancy or vacancy. These events can trigger other systems, such as signals or automated operations, ensuring smooth and efficient train control across the layout. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

BLVD Card

The BLVD Card (Block Low Voltage Detection) is used to monitor voltage levels in specific track blocks on a model railroad layout. It detects when the voltage in a block drops below a preset threshold, indicating potential issues with the power supply or track connections. It connects to the Node Card via the Node Bus Hub and the Block Breakout Board via network cable. The BLVD Card sends this information to the Node Card via GPIO pins, allowing the system to generate LCC events. These events can trigger alerts or corrective actions to ensure reliable power distribution and prevent operational issues caused by low voltage in the track blocks. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

DC Motor Breakout Board

The DC Motor Breakout Board allows for precise control of up to two DC motors in various applications such as model railroad automation or robotics. Working in conjunction with the Node Card and PWM Card, this board receives PWM signals to manage the motors’ speed and direction. It includes a voltage selector to switch between 5V and 12 V operation, making it adaptable to different motor types. The DC Motor Breakout Board simplifies motor control through standard network cable connections and integration with the layout’s accessory bus for power. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

IO Card

The I/O Card is a versatile interface within the LCC Fusion system, designed to handle multiple input and output (I/O) operations for model railroad layouts and automation projects. It connects to the Node Card via the Node Bus Hub and the I/O Breakout Board via network cable for controlling various I/O devices. The I/O Card is capable of handling digital inputs, such as sensors and switches, as well as digital outputs for controlling devices like relays, LEDs, and motors. Its integration with the Node Card allows for real-time monitoring and control of I/O devices based on LCC events, making it a key component in automating layout tasks such as turnout control, signal operation, and status monitoring. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Node Bus Hub

The Node Bus Hub is a central connection point designed to manage communication between multiple LCC Fusion Cards within a layout. It distributes power and communication signals (such as I2C, CAN, or other bus protocols) between up to eight connected cards, allowing them to share data and function as a coordinated system. The hub integrates seamlessly with the Node Card, facilitating reliable communication and synchronization across the network of devices. It simplifies wiring and ensures that all connected components, such as I/O cards, sensor cards, and motor controllers, can exchange data efficiently while reducing clutter in the layout. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Node Card

The Node Card is the central hub to which all other cards in the LCC Fusion system connect, facilitating communication and control within the network. Each Node Card includes an ESP32 microcontroller unit (MCU) mounted on a PCB, typically either an ESP32-WROVER on a DevKitC development board or the SuperMini ESP32-S3 development board. The Node Card connects directly to input/output (I/O) devices or specialized breakout boards, ensuring seamless integration with the layout. Additionally, it connects to various other cards via the Node Bus Hub, allowing for coordinated data exchange and processing of LCC events. Acting as the brain of the system, the Node Card manages communication, control, and event processing, ensuring efficient operation of all connected devices. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Output Card

The Output Card is a versatile component in the LCC Fusion system, designed to control up to 16 separate output devices, such as lights, motors, relays, and solenoids. It connects to the Node Card via the Node Bus Hub and interfaces with the I/O Breakout Board using a network cable, ensuring seamless communication and simplified wiring. The Output Card processes LCC events to manage the state of connected devices and allows users to select between 5 V or 12 V output, providing flexibility to suit different devices. It can be configured with or without limiting resistors based on the application needs. Additionally, Line 16 can be configured as either an output or a ground connection, offering even more versatility for complex installations. This card is critical in automating layout tasks such as controlling lighting, signals, and other devices that require precise on/off switching or continuous control. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

POD Card

The POD Card (Position Occupancy Detection) is a key component in the LCC Fusion system, designed to detect the presence and position of trains using optical sensors. It connects to the POD Breakout Board via a network cable, which simplifies wiring to multiple sensors across the layout. The POD Card then communicates with the Node Card via the Node Bus Hub allowing it to monitor track blocks or specific locations for train detection. When a train is detected by the optical sensors, the POD Card converts the sensor data into digital signals, which are processed by the Node Card to generate LCC events. These events can be used to trigger various layout actions, such as changing signals or operating turnouts. The POD Card provides precise, non-contact train detection, making it a vital tool for automated track monitoring and control in model railroad systems. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Power-CAN Card

The Power-CAN Card supplies both power distribution and CAN (Controller Area Network) communication within the LCC Fusion Project. Primarily used with the Quad-Node Card, it ensures that power and data are reliably shared across all connected nodes via the Node Bus Hub. Each hub can support up to two Power-CAN Cards for increased power capacity. When using the Node Card, which has its own power and CAN connections, the Power-CAN Card is optional but can be added for extra power distribution or redundancy. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

PWM Card

The PWM Card is a critical component in the LCC Fusion system, designed to provide precise control of devices such as lights, motors, and servos through pulse-width modulation (PWM). It connects to the Node Card via the Node Bus Hub and interfaces with the various breakout boards through a network cable, ensuring efficient communication and simplified wiring. The PWM Card processes LCC events to generate PWM signals that control the speed, brightness, or position of connected devices. Supporting multiple PWM channels, the card is ideal for applications such as adjusting lighting levels, controlling motor speeds, or moving servo motors in model railroad layouts. With its ability to handle multiple devices and provide fine control, the PWM Card is essential for dynamic automation tasks in the LCC system. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Quad-Node Card

The Quad-Node Card is a powerful and efficient component in the LCC Fusion system, designed to host up to four SuperMini ESP32-S3 modules, enabling the operation of four independent nodes on a single card. Each node functions separately, processing its own LCC events while sharing power, communication lines, and other resources through the Node Bus Hub. The Quad-Node Card is ideal for applications requiring multiple nodes within a compact form factor, significantly reducing the need for additional hardware. It connects directly to I/O devices and breakout boards via network cables, allowing each node to handle specific tasks such as sensor management, signal control, or motor operation, all within the same board. This card streamlines layout automation by consolidating multiple nodes, offering flexibility and scalability in system design. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Relay Breakout Board

The Relay Breakout Board enables independent control of up to 8 devices per breakout board, such as lights, motors, or other accessories, in applications like model railroad automation. Designed to work seamlessly with the Node Card and Output Card, this board switches power to connected devices based on LCC Events. The board features 4 relays, with each relay capable of switching up to 5 V at 1A, offering reliable control for low-power devices. The Relay Breakout Board integrates easily with the layout’s accessory bus and utilizes standard network cable connections for control signals, ensuring straightforward installation and operation. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Signal Masts Breakout Board

The Signal Masts Breakout Board is designed to simplify the connection and control of multiple signal masts in model railroad layouts. It connects to the PWM Card via a network cable and provides easy-to-use JST XH connectors for attaching up to four signal masts. Each connector is configured to drive multiple LED aspects, enabling precise control over the light signals. The Signal Masts Breakout Board integrates seamlessly with the Node Card, allowing signals to be driven by LCC Events, making it ideal for managing signal operations based on real-time track conditions. This board is perfect for automating signaling systems with minimal wiring complexity while maintaining flexibility in layout design. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Sound Card

The Sound Card is a versatile audio solution in the LCC Fusion system, designed to play sound effects and audio notifications based on LCC events. It integrates with the Node Card and can control up to four DFPlayer Mini modules, each capable of playing audio files stored on microSD cards. The Sound Card processes LCC event signals, triggering pre-configured audio files for tasks such as announcements, sound effects, or other layout automation. Each audio output is routed through connected speakers to create an immersive sound experience across the layout. The Sound Card interfaces with the system via the Node Bus Hub and connects to speakers directly, or thru the I/O Breakout Board, making it a critical component for adding audio feedback and sound control in the model railroad environment. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Stepper Motor Breakout Board

The Stepper Motor Breakout Board is designed to control up to two 28BYJ-48 12 V stepper motors in model railroad automation and other low-power motor control applications. This board interfaces with the I/O Card through a network cable. Integrated into the LCC Fusion system, the Stepper Motor Breakout Board allows for precise control of motor movement, making it ideal for tasks such as turnout control or other automated motions in the layout. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

SuperMini IO Status Shield

The SuperMini I/O Status Shield is a stackable add-on designed to provide real-time monitoring of input and output (I/O) signals for the SuperMini ESP32-S3 modules on the Quad-Node Card. This shield is physically stacked with the SuperMini modules, offering visual feedback via onboard LEDs for each I/O signal, allowing easy observation of GPIO states, PWM signals, and other I/O activity. The shield is purely for status monitoring and does not perform control functions, making it ideal for diagnostics, troubleshooting, and verifying the operation of connected devices within an LCC Fusion system. Its compact and stackable design integrates seamlessly with the Quad-Node Card, enhancing the functionality of the multi-node setup. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Turnout Card

The Turnout Card is designed to control various turnout motors on a model railroad layout, receiving commands from the LCC Fusion network via I2C communication with the Node Card, which interfaces with the LCC network. Through various LCC Fusion breakout boards, the card supports Tortoise™ slow-motion switch machines as well as other stall motors, single and twin-coil switch machines, and servos, offering precise bidirectional control over turnout point movement. It also manages frog polarity to ensure proper track continuity during turnout operations.

In addition to controlling motor direction and speed, the Turnout Card can report the status of turnout points (thrown or closed) back to the Node Card, enabling real-time monitoring and event handling within the LCC network. The card supports selectable 12 V or 9V outputs to accommodate the specific power requirements of different switch machines. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Turnout Servo Switch Machine Breakout Board

The Turnout Servo Switch Machine Breakout Board is designed to control up to two 5V servo-based switch machines (e.g. SG90), offering precise and smooth turnout control for model railroad layouts. The board allows for fine-tuned positioning of servo motors, providing realistic and accurate movement of turnout points. It includes relays to manage frog polarity, ensuring correct polarity based on the turnout position, and to return the status of the points, providing essential feedback to the system. Connected to the Node Card and Turnout Card, the board receives control signals via a network cable, ensuring seamless integration with the LCC system while delivering reliable control and feedback for servo-driven turnouts. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Turnout Slow Motion Switch Machine Breakout Board

The Turnout Slow Motion Switch Machine Breakout Board is designed to control up to two slow-motion switch machines, providing smooth and precise control for turnouts in model railroad layouts. This board ensures slow and controlled movement of the turnout points, ideal for realistic operation. It also includes relays to manage frog polarity, ensuring correct electrical polarity based on the turnout position, and to return the status of the points, giving feedback to the system. Integrated with the Node Card and Turnout Card, this breakout board receives control signals via a network cable, allowing seamless integration into the LCC system while delivering reliable turnout control and feedback for slow-motion switch machines. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Turnout Stall Motor Switch Machine Breakout Board

The Turnout Stall Motor Switch Machine Breakout Board is designed to interface with the Turnout Card using a network cable, providing direct control of stall motor switch machines, specifically the Tortoise™ by MRCS and Cobalt Omega Class Point Motor by DCCconcepts. This breakout board allows for a quick, direct connection to these stall motor switch machine with no additional wiring required. It supports daisy-chaining to a second Turnout Stall Motor Breakout Board, enabling expanded turnout control while reporting turnout point status (thrown or closed) back to the Turnout Card. The board also manages frog polarity, ensuring smooth and reliable turnout operations within a model railroad layout. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

Turnout Twin-Coils Switch Machine Breakout Board

The Turnout Twin-Coils Switch Machine Breakout Board is designed to control up to two twin-coil switch machines for turnout control in model railroad layouts. It incorporates a Capacitor Discharge Unit (CDU) for efficient power delivery, ensuring a high-energy pulse to reliably switch the turnout. The board also implements relays to manage frog polarity, ensuring the correct polarity is set based on the turnout position, and to return the status of the points, providing feedback to the system. In combination with the Node Card and Turnout Card, this breakout board receives signals for turnout control and integrates seamlessly with the LCC system via a network cable. The CDU and relays ensure smooth operation, prevent coil overheating, and offer precise turnout control and feedback. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

USB-CAN Adapter

The USB-CAN Adapter is a versatile interface device that connects a computer to a CAN network via a USB port, enabling easy monitoring, configuration, and control of CAN-enabled devices within the LCC Fusion system. This adapter allows users to send and receive CAN messages, making it an essential tool for programming, diagnosing, and troubleshooting LCC devices. The USB-CAN Adapter provides a seamless connection between the computer and the CAN bus, facilitating communication with LCC Node Cards and other CAN-based components. Its plug-and-play design ensures easy setup, making it ideal for hobbyists and developers who need to interface with the CAN network in model railroad layouts or other automation systems. For further details, refer to the planning, assembly, and configuration guides.

NMRA LCC Network Terms

CAN BUS

CAN BUS refers to the physical network and protocol connecting LCC nodes in the system. The CAN BUS is usually implemented using network (CAT) cables with RJ45 sockets. The NMRA LCC specification defines the wiring for CAN communication and distributed power as follows:

Wire #	Function
1	CAN High (CAN H)
2	CAN Low (CAN L)
3	CAN_GND (GND)
4, 5	Undefined / Reserved (e.g. DCC-, DCC+)
6	CAN_SHIELD (GND)
7	Ground (GND)
8	Power (V+)

DCC Signal

The DCC Signal refers to the Digital Command Control (DCC) signal used in model railways, which is a form of alternating current that carries both power and digital control signals to the locomotives.

Event ID

A unique identifier used within the LCC system to trigger actions or changes in the state of connected devices. An Event ID is a 64-bit number in a dotted decimal format. For example: 05.01.01.01.5C.65.00.00. The LCC Node firmware provides default values that can be modified and reused thru the use of a LCC configuration tool such as the one provided by NMRA JMRI application.

LCC Event Monitoring Tool

The JMRI Event Monitor is a software tool used in model railroading to monitor and log events within the Layout Command Control (LCC) network, helping operators diagnose and manage their layout.

LCC Configuration Tool

The LCC Configuration Tool is a software application used to configure and manage devices within the LCC (Layout Command Control) system. It allows users to set parameters, such as thresholds for voltage detection, and assign LCC Event IDs for specific conditions.

LCC Node

An LCC Node is a device or module within the LCC that communicates over the Layout Command Control (LCC) network to perform specific tasks, such as controlling signals, turnouts, or detecting block occupancy. Each LCC Node can send and receive LCC Events, which are used to coordinate the operation of various devices on the model railroad. LCC Nodes are typically based on microcontrollers, such as the ESP32, and are configured using tools like the LCC Configuration Tool. Multiple LCC Nodes can be connected, allowing for complex automation and control scenarios on the layout.

Model Railroad Automation Terms

Accessory Bus

The Accessory Bus is a dedicated communication bus in model railway systems used to manage and control accessories such as signals, lighting, turnout motors, and other non-locomotive devices. It operates separately from the main track power and data buses, allowing for independent control of these devices without interfering with train operations. The Accessory Bus is crucial for organizing and simplifying the wiring of layout accessories, ensuring reliable and efficient control of various layout features.

Control Point (CP)

A control point is a specific location on a railroad where train movements are managed using signals, switches (turnouts), and detection systems. Control Points are commonly found at junctions, crossovers, and sidings, ensuring safe and efficient operations by controlling routes and monitoring track occupancy. The area covered by a CP may include several track blocks, such as the mainline, sidings, and junctions (switches/turnouts). They are often interlocked to prevent conflicting movements and can be operated remotely from a central dispatch center.

Junction

A junction is a point on a railroad where two or more tracks converge, diverge, or cross. It is designed to allow trains to transition between different routes, such as from a mainline to a branch line, or between parallel tracks via crossovers. Junctions are typically equipped with switches (turnouts) and signals to control train movements and ensure safe operation. They are often part of a Control Point (CP), where interlocking systems prevent conflicting train movements through the junction.

Track Block

A track block is a specific section of railroad track that is electrically isolated from other sections to monitor or control the movement of trains within that block. In model railroading and layout automation, track blocks are used to detect the presence of trains, manage signals, and ensure safe and efficient operation of the railway by dividing the layout into manageable sections. Each track block can be monitored for occupancy, voltage levels, and other electrical parameters, allowing for precise control and automation.

Track Bus

The Track Bus is a pair of wires running underneath the layout that delivers power to the track. It is responsible for distributing DCC (Digital Command Control) signals and power across different sections of the layout, ensuring that all parts of the track receive consistent electrical power. The Track Bus typically connects to feeders, which are smaller wires that link the bus directly to the rails. Proper installation of a Track Bus is essential for reliable and smooth operation of model trains, preventing voltage drops and ensuring uniform performance throughout the layout.

In NMRA DCC systems, the two rails are often referred to as Rail A and Rail B. To maintain consistency in wiring, model railroaders commonly use color-coded wires for the Track Bus:

Red wire is typically connected to Rail A.
Black wire is typically connected to Rail B.

This color-coding practice helps ensure that the polarity is consistent throughout the layout, reducing the risk of wiring errors and simplifying troubleshooting.

Track Circuits

A Track Circuit is an electrical system that detects the presence of trains on a section of track. It communicates block occupancy information to upstream masts for displaying track conditions (e.g., STOP, CLEAR). Upstream masts use this data to set aspects, ensuring safe train movement and speed compliance.

Track Isolation and Blocks

Typically, to create isolated sections of track known as “blocks,” only one of the two rails (usually Rail B) is isolated from the rest of the layout. This isolation allows the DCC system to detect train occupancy, control signals, or automate train movements within that block. The isolated rail is connected to the Track Bus through an occupancy detector or other control electronics, allowing the system to monitor and control trains within that block without interference from other parts of the layout.

Using a correctly installed Track Bus with consistent color coding and proper block isolation is crucial for the reliable operation of DCC systems. It helps to prevent short circuits, ensures accurate train detection, and maintains consistent power across the entire layout.

Hardware and Software Terms

Adapter

In the context of electronics and networking, an Adapter is a device that allows one type of hardware or connection to be used with another, facilitating communication between different systems. In the LCC Fusion project, the USB-CAN Adapter enables communication between a computer’s USB port and a CAN (Controller Area Network) bus, which is commonly used in model railroad automation to control and monitor various devices on the layout.

Amplifier

An Amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power, voltage, or current of an audio signal. In the context of the LCC Fusion project, amplifiers are used to boost weak audio signals generated by sound modules or other audio sources, ensuring they are strong enough to drive speakers or other output devices. This is crucial in scenarios where clear and loud sound output is needed for effects like train whistles, station announcements, or other audio cues on a model railroad. The amplifier ensures that the audio signal maintains its quality while being amplified to the necessary levels for effective playback.

Audio Signal

An Audio Signal refers to an electrical representation of sound, typically as a varying voltage that corresponds to the sound wave. In the context of model railroad automation, audio signals are used to transmit sound information, such as locomotive sounds, ambient noises, or announcements, from sound modules to amplifiers and eventually to speakers. Managing audio signals involves ensuring that they are properly amplified and transmitted without distortion, allowing for clear and accurate sound reproduction on the layout.

Bridge Rectifier

A Bridge Rectifier is a circuit that converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) by using four diodes in a bridge configuration. In the BOD Card and BLVD Card, it converts the AC-like DCC signal from the track into a DC signal for current and voltage monitoring.

Bus

In electronics and networking, a Bus refers to a communication system that transfers data between various components within a computer or between computers. In the context of model railroad automation, a bus typically refers to the electrical pathways that carry signals and power across different parts of the layout. For example, the Track Bus and Node Bus are essential components of the LCC system, facilitating reliable communication and power distribution to various nodes and devices on the layout.

CAN Termination

CAN Termination refers to the practice of placing a resistor at each end of a CAN (Controller Area Network) bus to prevent signal reflections, which can cause communication errors. The termination resistor, typically 120 ohms, matches the impedance of the CAN bus, ensuring that signals are correctly transmitted and received across the network. Proper CAN Termination is essential for maintaining the integrity and reliability of data transmission within a CAN network, especially in model railway automation where consistent communication between nodes is critical.

The Node Cards utilize an automatic CAN bus termination circuit to ensure proper signal integrity while avoiding manual jumper settings by the end user. The termination is dynamically activated when necessary, preventing signal reflections that can occur at open-ended or improperly terminated CAN bus lines.

CANable

CANable is an open-source USB-to-CAN adapter used for connecting a computer to a CAN bus network. It is often used in model railroad automation projects like LCC Fusion to interface between the computer and the CAN network, allowing for the transmission and reception of CAN messages. CANable is valued for its affordability and compatibility with various operating systems and software, making it a popular choice for DIY automation enthusiasts.

Charging Circuit

A Charging Circuit is an electronic circuit designed to safely charge batteries by regulating the charging current and voltage. In the Battery Card Assembly, the charging circuit uses an MCP73831 IC to manage the charging process of the Li-Po batteries, ensuring they are charged efficiently and safely.

Cleaning PCB

Cleaning a PCB involves removing contaminants such as flux residues, dust, and oils that can accumulate during assembly and soldering. Proper cleaning of the PCB is crucial to ensure reliable electrical connections and to prevent short circuits or corrosion over time. Techniques for cleaning a PCB include using isopropyl alcohol, specialized PCB cleaning solutions, and compressed air to remove debris and ensure the board is in optimal condition for use.

Component

A Component refers to any individual part or element that makes up a larger system or device within the LCC Fusion project. Components can include electronic parts such as resistors, capacitors, ICs (integrated circuits), connectors, or even entire assemblies like breakout boards or cards. Each component has a specific function within the system, contributing to the overall performance and functionality of the model railroad automation setup. Proper identification, handling, and installation of components are crucial for the successful operation of the system.

Crowbar Protection with Fuse

Crowbar Protection is a method of overvoltage or reverse polarity protection that uses a crowbar diode (often a Schottky or TVS diode) in combination with a fuse. When an incorrect polarity or voltage spike occurs, the crowbar diode conducts and creates a short circuit, causing the fuse to blow and disconnect the power supply to prevent damage to downstream components.

The fuse is rated to handle normal operating current but blows if the crowbar diode conducts, effectively protecting the circuit. This approach is common in power supply circuits and sensitive electronics to protect against accidental reverse connection or transient overvoltage events.

Current Limiting Resistor

A Current Limiting Resistor is used in electronic circuits to restrict the amount of current that can flow through a component, protecting it from damage due to excessive current. In the BOD Card, these resistors protect the optocoupler and other components.

Decoupling Capacitor

A Decoupling Capacitor is used to filter out high-frequency noise and stabilize the power supply voltage in electronic circuits, especially integrated circuits. For example, in the BOD Card, it ensures a stable voltage supply to the MCP23017.

Edge Card Connector

The Node Bus Hub is implemented on PCB containing at least one Edge Card Connector (see blue connector on the right). Supported connectors are the 805 Type A, 12P (2x6), with a 3.56mm pin pitch. The Node Bus connections are connected to the connector’s 12 pins. Connecting multiple connectors serially provide power and communications support between multiple cards.

ESD Protection Diode

An ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) Protection Diode is used to protect electronic circuits from electrostatic discharge, which can cause damage to sensitive components. In the BOD Card, it protects the I2C lines from ESD events.

Fast Blow Fuse

A Fast Blow Fuse is a type of fuse that quickly opens (blows) when the current exceeds its rated value. It is designed to protect sensitive electronic circuits that could be damaged by even short periods of excessive current. Fast blow fuses are commonly used in devices where immediate protection is necessary, such as power supplies and motor controllers.

Ferrite Bead

A Ferrite Bead is a (inductive) passive electronic component used to suppress high-frequency noise in electronic circuits. Used by many of the cards on the I2C lines to reduce interference and ensure reliable communication.

Flyback Diode

A flyback diode is a diode placed across an inductive load, such as a relay or motor, to protect against voltage spikes generated when the current is suddenly interrupted. It allows the current to safely dissipate, preventing damage to other components.

FSR – Force Sensitive Resistor

An FSR (Force Sensitive Resistor) is a resistive sensor that decreases in resistance as force or pressure is applied to its sensing surface. These sensors typically respond to pressures ranging from a few grams to several kilograms, making them well suited for detecting light touch or object presence.

LCC Fusion uses FSRs with the Resistive Sensor Breakout Board to detect the presence of rolling stock or trains. When installed under track or mounting pads, FSRs can detect whether a train car is present by measuring the analog voltage generated via the LM358 op-amp and interpreting it through the ESP32 ADC on the Node Card. This allows LCC events to be triggered based on load detection without requiring IR or magnetic sensors.

Galvanic Isolation

Galvanic Isolation is a method of electrically separating two parts of a circuit to prevent direct current flow between them while still allowing signal or power transfer. Achieved through components like transformers, optocouplers, or capacitors, it protects sensitive circuits from electrical noise, surges, and ground loops by blocking conductive paths, ensuring safe and reliable operation across connected systems.

GPIO Expander

A GPIO Expander is a device that increases the number of General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins available to a microcontroller. The MCP23017, used in the BLVD Card, serves as a GPIO expander, enabling it to monitor multiple track blocks.

Ground Plane

A Ground Plane is a shared electrical reference for all components and power supplies in the system. In the LCC Fusion setup, components and various power sources (track, accessory, etc.) are connected to the same ground plane, ensuring stable power distribution, reducing noise, and providing a consistent return path for currents, improving overall system reliability.

I2C Bus

A communication protocol used for connecting and configuring devices within the LCC Node cluster, allowing multiple cards to communicate.

I2C

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a communication protocol that allows multiple devices (such as microcontrollers and peripherals) to communicate with each other over a two-wire bus. In the context of the LCC Fusion project, I2C is used for communication between different cards, such as the Audio Card and Node Card, enabling them to exchange data like text messages and control signals.

I2S

I2S (Inter-IC Sound) is a serial bus interface standard used for connecting digital audio devices. It allows the transmission of audio data between components such as microcontrollers, digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and audio amplifiers. In the LCC Fusion project, I2S is used to transmit audio signals from the ESP32 to the audio amplifier, ensuring high-quality audio playback.

Jumper

A small connector used to close, open, or bypass electrical circuits on the Output Card, used for configuring voltage and communication settings.

LDR – Light Dependent Resistor

An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a passive two-wire resistive sensor that changes its resistance based on the amount of incident light. Resistance decreases as light intensity increases, typically ranging from tens of kilohms in dim light to under 1 kΩ in bright light.

LCC Fusion uses LDRs with the Resistive Sensor Breakout Board to detect changes in room or layout lighting. The LDR is connected as part of an analog sensing channel and monitored through the LM358 op-amp and ESP32 ADC on the Node Card. This enables automated responses to ambient light levels, such as activating building lights or triggering day/night transitions.

Li-Po Battery

A Li-Po Battery refers to a lithium polymer battery pack configured in a series arrangement with three cells, resulting in a nominal voltage of 11.1 V and a maximum fully charged voltage of 12.6 V. This battery configuration is commonly used in portable electronic devices for providing a stable, high-capacity power source.

MCP23017

The MCP23017 is a 16-bit I/O expander with I2C interface, allowing for additional input/output pins in microcontroller-based systems. It is used in the many of the LCC Fusion Project cards to interface with an Node Card via the Node Bus Hub.

Network Cable

A network cable, commonly known as an Ethernet cable, is a physical medium used to connect devices within a network, facilitating the transmission of data between computers, routers, switches, and other networked devices. These cables typically consist of twisted pairs of copper wires and use RJ45 connectors for wired connections in local area networks (LANs).

Recommendation: For applications requiring higher data rates and power transmission, CAT6 cables are recommended. CAT6 cables can carry more current with less voltage drop compared to older standards, and their increased stiffness makes them more durable and easier to insert into connectors, ensuring a more reliable connection.

Optocoupler

An Optocoupler is an electronic component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits using light. It provides electrical isolation, protecting sensitive components from high voltages and noise. In the BOD Card, the optocoupler isolates the track voltage from the MCP23017 GPIO pins.

Polyfuse

A Polyfuse is a resettable fuse that protects circuits from overcurrent conditions. When the current exceeds the fuse’s rated limit, the Polyfuse increases in resistance and limits the current flow, typically resetting once the current returns to safe levels. Common current ratings range from 250 mA to several amps depending on the model used.

Pull-up Resistor

A Pull-up Resistor is used in electronic circuits to ensure a terminal is at a high (logic 1) level when it is not actively driven. In the BLVD Card, pull-up resistors are used to ensure the MCP23017 GPIO pins have a defined logic level.

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a versatile technique for controlling the power delivered to an electronic load by varying the width of pulses in a pulse train. In model railroad automation, PWM is commonly used to control motor speeds, adjust LED brightness, and manage other devices requiring precise variable power. By modifying the duty cycle (the ratio of the pulse width to the total period), PWM enables fine-tuned control of power delivery, making it an indispensable tool for optimizing performance in the LCC Fusion project.

One of the most practical applications of PWM in the LCC Fusion project is controlling LED brightness. By adjusting the duty cycle, PWM not only changes the light intensity but also creates different lighting effects that simulate a variety of environments.

LED Brightness Control

The brightness percentage determines the intensity of light emitted by the LED. Although the LED is fixed at a cool white color temperature (5000K–7000K), adjusting the brightness can influence the perceived lighting effect, creating different moods and functionality:

Low Brightness (0%–40%): Produces a softer, more ambient light, evoking the warmth of early morning or evening lighting.
Medium Brightness (40%–70%): Offers a balanced, daylight-like illumination, ideal for general-purpose use.
High Brightness (70%–100%): Delivers bright, cool light, resembling midday sunlight, perfect for task-oriented or high-visibility applications.

Shield

In the context of an ESP32, a shield is an additional hardware board or module that can be connected to the ESP32 development board to expand its functionality. Shields are designed to be stackable, allowing multiple shields to be used together, depending on the specific requirements of the project. They typically connect to the ESP32 through its GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins and may include components like sensors, actuators, communication modules, or power management circuits. Shields simplify the process of adding new capabilities to the ESP32 by providing pre-built, plug-and-play hardware that interfaces seamlessly with the main board.

Shunt Resistor

A shunt resistor is a precision, low-resistance component placed in series with a load to measure current flow. As current passes through the shunt, it creates a small voltage drop that is directly proportional to the current according to Ohm’s law (V = IR). By measuring this voltage differential with an ADC like the ADS1115, the current in the circuit can be accurately calculated. Additionally, by comparing the voltage before and after the shunt, you can also determine the overall voltage drop caused by the load, helping to assess any losses or drops in the supply voltage due to the load’s resistance.

Stencil

In PCB manufacturing and assembly, a Stencil is a thin sheet of material, usually made from stainless steel or polyimide, that is used to apply solder paste to specific areas of the PCB. The stencil has cutouts corresponding to the pads where components will be placed. During the assembly process, the stencil is aligned with the PCB, and solder paste is spread across the stencil, filling the cutouts. When the stencil is removed, the solder paste remains on the designated pads, ready for component placement. Proper use of a stencil ensures that the solder paste is applied accurately, which is critical for reliable solder joints and overall PCB performance.

Supermini ESP32-S3 Development Board

The Supermini ESP32-S3 Development Board is a compact, high-performance microcontroller board based on the ESP32-S3 chip, which features dual-core processors with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE connectivity. Designed for space-constrained projects, this development board offers a rich set of peripherals, including GPIOs, I2C, SPI, UART, and ADC interfaces, making it ideal for IoT, embedded systems, and wireless communication applications. Its low power consumption and small form factor make it a versatile solution for developing smart devices with advanced wireless capabilities.

TVS Diode

A TVS (Transient Voltage Suppression) Diode is a protective component that clamps voltage spikes to prevent damage to electronic circuits. In the BLVD Card, TVS diodes are used to protect the circuit from high-voltage transients that could occur on the track.

Voltage Glitch

A brief, unintended spike or drop in voltage within an electronic circuit that can disrupt normal operations or potentially damage sensitive components. The LCC Fusion Project safeguards against voltage glitches by implementing multiple protective measures:

TVS (Transient Voltage Suppression) Diodes: Clamp voltage spikes to prevent them from reaching and damaging sensitive components.
Optocouplers: Provide electrical isolation between different sections of the circuit, blocking high-voltage transients from propagating.
Polyfuses (Resettable Fuses): Limit overcurrent conditions by increasing resistance when excessive current flows, protecting against potential short circuits.
Ferrite Beads: Suppress high-frequency noise on power and signal lines, reducing the likelihood of voltage fluctuations caused by electromagnetic interference.
ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) Protection: Utilize ESD protection diodes and components to guard against static electricity buildup and discharge that can damage ICs.
Flyback Diodes: Protect against voltage spikes generated when switching inductive loads (like motors and relays) by providing a path for the induced current.
Decoupling Capacitors: Stabilize power supply lines and filter out noise, ensuring that ICs receive a clean and steady voltage supply.

Voltage Divider

A voltage divider is used to scale down the input voltage to a safe level for use by IC’s such as the ADS1115 IC. Below are examples used by the Power-CAN Card for use with an ADS1115 IC measuring higher voltages.

For a 40 V input, a resistor network with R1 = 47kΩ and R2 = 8.2kΩ scales 40 V to approximately 5.94 V.
For a 12 V input, using equal resistor values (R1 = 10kΩ and R2 = 10kΩ) scales the voltage down to 6V.

This is calculated using the formula:

\[V_{out} = V_{in} \times \frac{R2}{R1 + R2}\]

Electrical Components

6N137 Optocoupler {#6n137}

The 6N137 is a high-speed optocoupler with a transistor output. It provides electrical isolation between two circuits while transmitting digital signals at speeds up to 10Mbps. It operates with a supply voltage of up to 7 V and is commonly used in communication interfaces and data transmission systems.

74HC00 NAND Gate {#74hc00}

The 74HC00 is a quad 2-input NAND gate IC. It operates from a supply voltage range of 2 V to 6V, making it suitable for a wide range of logic-level applications. Each gate in the IC performs the NAND operation, outputting LOW only when both inputs are HIGH.

74HC4051D Analog MUX {74HC4051D}

The 74HC4051D is an 8-channel analog multiplexer/demultiplexer used to route one of eight sensor signals to a single analog output line. In the Node Analog Sensor Breakout Board, it enables the Node Card to read multiple analog sensors using a single ADC input. The chip uses three address lines (A, B, C) to select which input channel (CH0–CH7) is active, and an enable (INH) pin to activate or deactivate the chip.

74HCT14D Schmitt-Trigger {#74hct14d}

The 74HCT14D is a hex Schmitt-trigger inverter. It operates with a supply voltage range of 4.5 V to 5.5 V and is designed to convert noisy or slowly changing input signals into clean digital signals. It is commonly used in digital circuits where signal conditioning is required.

ACS712 Current Sensor

The ACS712 is a current sensor IC that provides accurate current measurement based on the Hall effect. It operates with a supply voltage of 5 V and is available in models capable of sensing 5A, 20A, or 30A. The output is analog, and the sensor is commonly used in power monitoring and motor control applications.

ADS1115 ADC

The ADS1115 is a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) featuring a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) and an I²C interface. It supports both single-ended and differential input configurations—allowing for precise voltage and current measurements (e.g., across a shunt resistor).

LCC Fusion uses the ADS1115 with the Power-CAN Card to monitor the voltage and current of the power supply input and the regulated output to the Node Bus Hub.

BLM31 Ferrite Bead

The BLM31 (BLM31PG121SN1L) is a ferrite bead designed to suppress high-frequency noise in electronic circuits. It is typically used for filtering EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) on power lines and signal lines. The current rating varies by model, but common versions can handle up to 2A of current and provide impedance of 600Ω at 100MHz.

BSS138 MOSFET

The BSS138 is an N-channel MOSFET used for low-power switching applications. It operates with a maximum drain-source voltage of 50 V and can handle up to 200 mA of continuous drain current. Its low gate threshold voltage makes it ideal for logic-level switching in microcontroller circuits.

G5NB-1A-E-5VDC

The G5NB-1A-E-5VDC is a compact, single-pole single-throw (SPST) non-latching (no state) relay designed for low-power switching applications. It operates with a 5V DC coil and can switch loads up to 10A at 250 V AC or 30 V DC. This relay is commonly used in control systems and power switching circuits where compactness and reliability are important.

GL5528 Photoresistor

The GL5528 is a widely used photoresistor (light-dependent resistor or LDR) that changes resistance based on ambient light. It typically has a resistance of 20–30 kΩ in normal lighting, increasing to over 100 kΩ in darkness, and dropping below 1 kΩ in bright light. Its spectral response peaks around 540 nm, making it sensitive to visible light similar to the human eye.

IRLML6402 MOSFET

The IRLML6402 is a P-channel logic-level MOSFET. It has a maximum drain-source voltage of 20 V and can handle up to 3.7A of continuous drain current. Its low gate threshold voltage allows it to be driven by 3.3 V or 5V logic, making it suitable for load switching in low-voltage applications.

IRLZ44N MOSFET

The IRLZ44N is an N-channel logic-level MOSFET. It can handle a maximum drain-source voltage of 55 V and a continuous drain current of 47A. Its low gate threshold voltage (1 V to 2V) allows it to be driven directly by 3.3 V or 5V logic levels, making it ideal for high-current switching applications.

KBL406 Bridge Rectifier

The KBL406 is a bridge rectifier used for converting AC input into DC output. It can handle up to 600 V reverse voltage and provides a maximum forward current of 4A. This component is commonly used in power supply circuits to rectify incoming AC voltage.

L7805CV Voltage Regulator

The L7805CV (LM7805CV) is a 5 V linear voltage regulator that provides a stable 5 V output with up to 1.5A of output current. Due to its low efficiency, particularly when stepping down from higher input voltages, it is most suitable for low-current loads, where its power dissipation and heat generation remain manageable. One of the key advantage is its simple circuit design, requiring only 0.01uF and 0.33uF capacitors for stable operation. This makes it an effective and easy-to-implement solution for regulating voltage in small electronic components and circuits. The regulator also includes internal current limiting and thermal shutdown protection, enhancing reliability and providing protection against overload conditions.

L7812CV Voltage Regulator

The L7812CV (LM7812CV) is a 12 V linear voltage regulator that provides a stable 12 V output with up to 1.5A of output current. It is commonly used in power supplies to regulate the voltage for various electronic components and circuits. It includes internal current limiting and thermal shutdown protection for reliability. One of the key advantage is its simple circuit design, requiring only 0.01uF and 0.33uF capacitors for stable operation. This makes it an effective and easy-to-implement solution for regulating voltage in small electronic components and circuits. The regulator also includes internal current limiting and thermal shutdown protection, enhancing reliability and providing protection against overload conditions.

LM1117-3V3 Voltage Regulator

The LM1117-3V3 is a 3.3 V linear voltage regulator that provides a fixed output of 3.3 V with a dropout voltage as low as 1.2 V. It can supply up to 800 mA of current and is commonly used to regulate the power supply for 3.3 V devices such as microcontrollers and sensors.

LM2596S-ADJ Voltage Regulator

The LM2596S-ADJ is an adjustable-output version of the LM2596S, offering flexibility in output voltage, allowing users to select different voltages by adjusting external resistors. In your use case, the output voltage can be selected between 5 V and 12 V by connecting either a 4.7K or 10K resistor, respectively. This makes the LM2596S-ADJ particularly versatile for projects where different voltages are required, without the need for separate regulators. Like the fixed version, it remains highly efficient and suitable for handling higher current loads with appropriate capacitor sizing for stable operation.

LM393 Comparator

The LM393 is a dual comparator IC with open-collector outputs. It can compare two input voltages and provide a HIGH or LOW output. It operates with a wide supply voltage range of 2 V to 36 V and is commonly used in voltage sensing and signal comparison applications.

LM358 Op-Amp

The LM358 is a dual-channel operational amplifier (op-amp) designed for single-supply operation, making it ideal for reading low-level analog signals in 3.3 V or 5 V systems. It supports inverting, non-inverting, and buffer configurations, and can operate close to ground, which is useful for sensing voltages from passive or resistive devices.

LCC Fusion uses the LM358 on the Resistive Sensor Breakout Board to amplify signals from analog resistive sensors—such as photoresistors (LDRs), force-sensitive resistors (FSRs), and thin-film pressure sensors. The op-amp outputs a clean analog voltage (0–3.3 V) that can be read by the ESP32 ADC on the Node Card, enabling LCC event generation based on light level, touch pressure, or resistance changes.

M54562FP Transistor Array

The M54562FP is an 8-channel Darlington transistor array. It can sink up to 500 mA per channel with a maximum voltage of 50 V. This IC is commonly used for driving high-current loads such as motors, relays, and LED displays. Each channel includes built-in clamping diodes for protection against inductive loads.

MAX98257A Audio Amp

The MAX98257A is a class D audio amplifier that can deliver up to 3.2W of output power to an 8Ω speaker. It operates with a supply voltage of 2.5 V to 5.5 V and is designed for portable applications where power efficiency and low heat dissipation are critical.

MB6S Bridge Rectifier

The MB6S is a bridge rectifier capable of converting AC input to DC output. It can handle a peak reverse voltage of 600 V and a forward current of 0.5A. It is commonly used in power supply circuits to rectify low to moderate AC voltages into a stable DC supply.

MCT6H Optocoupler

The MCT6H is an optocoupler used for isolating high-voltage circuits from low-voltage control systems. It can handle input forward currents of up to 60 mA and output collector-emitter voltages up to 30 V. It is commonly used in applications that require electrical isolation between different parts of a circuit.

MCP23017 I/O Expander

The MCP23017 is a 16-bit I/O expander that communicates over the I2C bus, allowing microcontrollers to control more digital I/O pins than physically available. Each I/O pin can source up to 10 mA or sink up to 25 mA. It operates with a supply voltage range of 1.8 V to 5.5 V, making it ideal for extending GPIO capabilities.

MCP7383T Battery Charger

The MCP7383T is a Li-ion/Li-polymer battery charge management controller. It operates with an input voltage range of 4.5 V to 12 V and supports programmable charge current up to 1A. It is commonly used for charging single-cell lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries in portable devices.

MFRC523 NFC

The MFRC523 is an NFC/RFID controller IC used for reading and writing to RFID tags at 13.56 MHz. It communicates with microcontrollers via the SPI, I2C, or UART interface and supports MIFARE protocols. It operates with a supply voltage of 2.5 V to 3.3 V and can be used in contactless payment systems, access control, and identification applications.

NE556 Timer

The NE556 timer is an integrated circuit that combines two independent 555 timers into a single 14-pin package. Each timer within the NE556 can be configured for monostable (one-shot) or astable (oscillator) operation, offering versatile timing and pulse generation capabilities. This dual-timer configuration is ideal for applications requiring multiple timing functions, such as sequential timing, pulse width modulation, or frequency generation. Using the NE556 reduces component count and saves space on circuit boards by providing two timers in one compact chip.

PCA9515A I2C Repeater {pca9515a}

A bi-directional I²C repeater used to isolate and extend I²C bus segments. It buffers signals between two sides of the bus, reducing capacitance and improving reliability over longer cables. Used in LCC Fusion Node Bus Hubs to separate segments and support automatic pull-up detection per segment.

PCA9685 PWM Driver

The PCA9685 is a 16-channel PWM driver IC, commonly used for controlling servos, LEDs, and motors. It operates via an I2C interface and provides 12-bit resolution for PWM control. The supply voltage range is 2.3 V to 5.5 V, making it suitable for use with microcontrollers and low-power

PESD1CAN TVS Diode

The PESD1CAN is a transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode designed to protect I2C lines and other low-voltage signal lines from electrostatic discharge (ESD) and other voltage spikes. It provides a clamping voltage of 24 V and is commonly used to safeguard communication lines like CAN or I2C.

PT204 Phototransistor

The PT204 is a phototransistor used for detecting light levels. It can operate with a collector-emitter voltage of up to 30 V and a current of 20 mA. The PT204 is commonly used in opto-electronic devices such as light sensors, automatic lighting systems, and infrared detection circuits.

RV24YN20S Potentiometer

The RV24YN20S is a 24 mm rotary potentiometer commonly used for analog input applications. It is a three-terminal variable resistor with a typical resistance of 100 kΩ (B104 taper) and provides a smooth voltage output based on the angle of rotation. The resistance changes linearly from one end of the rotation to the other, producing a voltage divider effect when connected between power and ground.

LCC Fusion uses the RV24YN20S with the Resistive Sensor Breakout Board to provide user-adjustable analog input. When connected through the LM358 op-amp, the varying resistance generates a stable analog voltage readable by the ESP32 ADC on the Node Card. This allows users to implement physical control dials or sliders for layout automation—such as setting speed thresholds, signal overrides, or lighting levels.

SMAJ5A TVS Diode

The SMAJ5A is a TVS (Transient Voltage Suppression) diode with a 5 V standoff voltage and can handle a maximum peak pulse power of 400W. It protects sensitive electronics from voltage transients induced by lightning or other transient voltage events.

SMBJ18A TVS Diode

The SMBJ18A is a TVS (Transient Voltage Suppression) diode with a 18 V standoff voltage and can handle a maximum peak pulse power of 400W. It protects sensitive electronics from voltage transients induced by lightning or other transient voltage events.

SN65HVD233DR CAN Transceiver

The SN65HVD233DR is a CAN bus transceiver that supports high-speed data transmission up to 1 Mbps. It operates with a supply voltage of 3.3 V and is used in automotive and industrial communication networks to handle robust and noise-resistant data transfer over long distances.

SN74HCT14 Schmitt Trigger

The SN74HCT14 is a hex Schmitt trigger inverter IC that transforms noisy or slow-changing input signals into clean, fast digital outputs. It includes six independent Schmitt triggers, each of which takes an input signal and inverts it, producing a stable high or low output. The Schmitt trigger action introduces hysteresis, meaning the switching thresholds for high-to-low and low-to-high transitions are different, helping to eliminate noise and debounce input signals like those from mechanical buttons or switches. This makes the SN74HCT14 ideal for ensuring reliable signal detection in noisy environments or when inputs are subject to fluctuation.

SS310 Diode

The SS310 is a Schottky diode with a maximum reverse voltage of 100 V and a forward current rating of 3A. It is known for its fast switching capabilities and low forward voltage drop, making it ideal for high-efficiency power rectification and protection circuits.

TB6612FNG Dual H-Bridge Motor Driver

The TB6612FNG is a dual H-bridge motor driver IC capable of driving two DC motors or one bipolar stepper motor. It supports a motor supply (VM) from 4.5 V to 13.5 V, delivers up to 1.2 A continuous per channel (with 3.2 A peak capability), and uses integrated MOSFETs for high efficiency and low heat.

TBD62083A Transistor Array

The TBD62083A is an 8-channel Darlington sink driver IC. It is capable of sinking up to 500 mA per channel with a maximum voltage of 50 V. It includes internal clamping diodes to protect against inductive loads, making it suitable for driving motors, relays, or LEDs.

TC4428 MOSFET

The TC4428 is a dual MOSFET driver designed to control high-current MOSFETs or other power transistors. It operates with supply voltages up to 18 V and can source/sink currents of 1.5A per channel. It is ideal for driving MOSFETs in high-speed switching applications, including motor control and power supplies.

TQ2-L2-12 DPDT 12V Latching Relay {#tq2-L2-12 V}

The TQ2-L2-12 V is a miniature dual-pole dual-throw (DPDT) latching (holds state) relay, featuring two sets of changeover contacts. It operates with a 12V DC coil and is designed for high reliability in switching low-level loads or signals. The TQ2-12 V is ideal for applications requiring precise signal switching, such as in telecommunications or industrial control systems. It is used by the turnout cards to switch the polarity of the frog.

Zener Diode

A Zener diode is a type of diode designed to allow current to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage exceeds a specific breakdown voltage, known as the Zener voltage. Common Zener voltages range from 3.3 V to 12 V, and they are used in voltage regulation and protection circuits.

Troubleshooting and Support Terms

Terms and phrases commonly used in troubleshooting and support documentation.
Helps users understand the support materials and guides.
Appendix and References
Any additional resources or references used for the terminology.
Links or citations to external sources for in-depth explanations.